The Orchid family, scientifically known as Orchidaceae, is undoubtedly one of the most popular and intriguing plants in the world. Since 1731, orchids have fascinated humans, and today, they remain a favorite amongst houseplant enthusiasts and private plant collectors. The family is home to over 26,000 species and hybrids that vary in size, shape, color, form, and growth requirements. This makes it difficult for even experts and botanists to categorize them properly. In fact, the only other family that comes close to the Orchidaceae in terms of size and diversity is the Asteraceae family, which includes daisies and sunflowers. With so many varieties to choose from, it’s essential to take a closer look at each orchid type before deciding which one is best for your gardening space.

Orchids are beautiful tropical flowers that come in different types and appearances. They have been around for millions of years, growing on all continents except Antarctica. Some species thrive in the tropics, while others prefer shady forest floors or cool meadows. Orchids can be epiphytic, lithophytic, or terrestrial. Some have lovely fragrances, while others smell like rotten meat. They make great indoor houseplants or outdoor plants, depending on their preferences.

One of the most alluring features of orchids is their flowers. Despite their variations, they are bilaterally symmetrical, making them aesthetically pleasing. Orchid flowers have three petals, three sepals, and a column that houses their reproductive structures. Pollinia, clumps of pollen, are found in the column. The lip, which is the bottom petal, is usually showy and wide to attract pollinators.

Another interesting characteristic of orchids is the way they use deception to pollinate. They mimic butterflies, wasps, or even other plants to lure pollinators. Some orchids also emit scents, like the foul odor of the Foul Giant orchid, to attract flies. Due to differences in flower construction, vegetative form, and growth habits, the Orchidaceae family is divided into subfamilies with specific characteristics.

Orchids are not only beautiful decor items in a home, but they also have a variety of other uses. Although orchids are usually associated with their uniquely shaped flowers and bright colors, they have been used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes in many parts of the world. The juices and extracts from the leaves, roots, and flowers of orchids have been utilized to create dyes, poultices, pastes, washes, perfumes, and flavorings.

Orchids can be grown indoors on a sunny windowsill or in a hanging basket under a shady porch. They can also be grown outside in a bog garden or in a humid greenhouse. The specific uses for orchids depend on the species or hybrid that is being cultivated.

The cultivation history of orchids is rich and diverse, with many ancient cultures utilizing them for their medicinal properties. Nowadays, orchids are popular for their ornamental value and can be found in all sorts of environments.

Orchids, originally found in tropical regions, have been introduced to various parts of the world. The first non-native orchid, Bletia purpurea, arrived in western Europe from the Bahamas in 1731. English greenhouses later received other orchids mostly from the West Indies, but many of these introductions failed because people treated them as heat-loving plants. It was only after several years that Europeans began to understand orchid cultivation and improve on it. Orchid cultivation has been practiced in China since the Han Dynasty, which began as early as 206 BC. However, orchid popularity did not spread among the common people until much later in the Tang Dynasty. Prior to that, orchids were mostly cultivated for private collections of Chinese nobility.

Thanks to orchid hybridization, these beautiful flowers are now more commonly found in homes and nurseries. In 1853, the first orchid hybrid was created, and subsequent discoveries revealed how orchid seeds germinate with the help of fungi that produce sugars and nutrients. Orchids were once considered objects of the wealthy but advances in propagation and mass production have made them more widely available and affordable. Although some rarer species can still be pricey and hard to find. Because different species of orchids have varying growing requirements, consider this article a starting point for choosing and caring for your orchid. Resources like the American Orchid Society and The Book of Orchids offer deeper insights into orchid history and culture. Understanding key terms such as epiphyte, lithophyte, terrestrial, pseudobulb, lip, column, and sepals will also aid in understanding orchids. This article will provide details on various rare and beautiful orchid species, including their origins and tips for growing them in your own garden or home.

The Cymbidium iridioides orchid is unique due to the striping on its leaves. It’s a species of orchid that has long-lasting flowers and grass-like leaf blades with a yellowish base. The flowers are beautiful, with yellow petals that have brown stripes and a frilly margin with large, irregular red spots. They’re slightly fragrant and are usually pollinated by Trigona bees that collect a sticky, wax-like compound from the flower’s lip.

This orchid is quite popular in horticulture and has been used for hybridization. It grows in wet forests and is an epiphyte that can be found on mossy trees, rocks, and limestone cliffs.

If you’re interested in having this orchid as a houseplant, keep in mind that it requires more water during the spring and summer growing seasons. It also prefers bright morning or late evening sun and shade when blooming. Its flowers bloom from September to November and are about 3 to 4 inches in size.

Image credit: Eric in SF via Creative Commons (use permitted with attribution)

The Showy Tiger is a type of orchid that has been given the title of the largest orchid in the world due to its massive size. Its scientific name is Grammatophyllum speciosum. These orchids are known for being the largest orchids in the world although they are not the tallest. The leaves of this orchid are lanceolate and grow on cane-like pseudobulbs, creating a palm-like appearance. The markings on the sepals and petals of this orchid have given rise to its genus name, with “gramma” meaning “letter” and “phyllon” meaning “leaf”. The species name means “showy” in Latin because of the large and impressive display of flowers produced by this orchid. The flowers themselves have large yellow sepals and petals that have chestnut-brown spots and blotches. The lips are pale yellow with some red. Lower on the inflorescence, several sterile flowers can be found that produce only fragrance as they have no column or lip present. These orchids are epiphytic and grow in hot, wet forests near streams and rivers. They can be kept as houseplants and require high moisture levels and less water in cooler months. They bloom from July to December and need high humidity and warmer temperatures as well as bright light. The length of their blooming period ranges from July to October and they can be found in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia.

The orchid with a dark spot in the center of its flower is called Dendrobium nobile. This species has a rich history of cultivation and medicinal use in various Asian cultures. Due to its extensive use in herbal medicine, it is now considered endangered in some regions. The plant usually produces fragrant flowers that are white with purple tips, and the lip of the flower usually has a dark center surrounded by a yellow ring. Dendrobium nobile is an epiphytic plant that is well-adapted to monsoonal seasonal rains and winter droughts, but it can also survive as a terrestrial plant. Before blooming, the plant loses all its leaves just like it would during the spring season. Dendrobium nobile thrives in broadleaf evergreen forests and mossy limestone rocks. It is a beautiful orchid species, with up to four large flowers, making it popular in the commercial trade. It is found in the Himalayas, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. When grown as a houseplant, Dendrobium nobile requires copious amounts of water when in growth with good drainage. It prefers mild to moderate temperatures and does not do well in cold environments. The plant thrives in bright to filtered light and blooms 2 ⅜ to 3 inches in late winter to early spring. Occasionally, it can produce two blooming seasons in a year.

The Halloween Orchid, scientifically known as Laelia gouldiana, is a unique plant species with elongate or flattened pseudobulbs that cluster and are topped with 2 or 3 lanceolate leaves. What makes this orchid unique is its creeping horizontal stem, also known as a rhizome. The inflorescence of this plant can carry up to 10 large, fragrant blooms. This plant is commonly found on oaks high in the mountains and is an epiphyte. In its native region of Mexico, it is often referred to as “flor de muerto” or “flower of death” because it blooms around Halloween. Its flowers are bright purple to rosy-purple with a middle lobe of the tri-lobed lip that is darker with a yellow callus and red spots or stripes. Unfortunately, this flower was collected from the wild to decorate graves for Day of the Dead and due to over-collection, it has become possibly extinct in the wild. For those who wish to grow this orchid, it requires high water requirements during the growing season (Spring-Fall) and a dry rest period during the Fall-Winter. It also needs moderate temperatures and dry Winter rest for best blooming with ample humidity. It can thrive in intermediate to bright light with good air movement and blooms from late October to December. This orchid is also called the Tiger’s Mouth Orchid.

The Tiger’s Mouth Orchid, also known as Rossioglossum grande (previously Odontoglossum grande), is another stunning feline flower that catches the eye with its impressive appearance. This species was named after its striking coloration and the pair of teeth in the center of its lip, resembling a tiger’s mouth. In Spanish, it is referred to as “boca del tigre” or “mouth of the tiger.” These orchids are primarily found at higher elevations in deciduous forests that experience seasonal dryness. The flowers have a large size, a glossy finish, and bright yellow sepals and petals overlaid by reddish-brown barring that becomes more solid at the base.

Interestingly, these orchids mimic other common flowers that offer oil as a reward for pollination services provided by certain bee species, although they do not produce enough oil to act as a true reward. Despite this, the plant’s mimicry is successful. This species is an epiphyte, which means it grows on other plants but does not harm them.

As a houseplant, the Tiger’s Mouth Orchid requires moderate temperatures and should never be left too dry or too sodden. It also needs a dry rest period over the winter. A rapidly draining media and bright shade are ideal for its growth. This species typically blooms from November to January and grows up to 7-9 inches.

The Nun Orchid, scientifically named Lycaste virginalis, is a beautiful and beloved flower due to its large triangular petals and captivating scent. Unfortunately, the species is rare in the wild because of its extensive exportation. While this orchid comes in varying colors, ranging from pale purple to apricot, the most highly coveted plants are pure white and are considered the national flower of Guatemala, known there as “Monja Blanca” or “White Nun.” The lip callus of this orchid is yellow and tongue-shaped. L. virginalis is an adaptable and vigorous plant that prefers cooler temperatures, similar to its native habitat of higher elevations. As a houseplant, it should be watered heavily, but the mix should be barely moist before watering again, and high humidity at night is recommended. This plant does best in moderate temperatures, and bright shade, with occasional exposure to more sun during winter if temperatures stay below 70 F. It blooms in late spring to summer and typically reaches a height of six inches.

These stunning orchids, scientifically known as Zygopetalum maculatum, can be found growing in their natural habitats on mountain slopes and ridges. They tend to thrive in shady areas near trees and produce one or more spectacular inflorescences per pseudobulb, which can carry up to 25 flowers. The sepals and petals are green, with reddish spots and bars, while the lip has a single large lobe with white and purple veins. These orchids are typically found in wet, mossy areas amongst rocks, and sometimes even on roadside banks.

One unique feature of this species is the pleasingly sweet fragrance it produces, which is often associated with fragrance-collecting male euglossine bees. A popular variety of the Zygopetalum maculatum is the ‘Maui Jazz.’

As houseplants, these orchids require humid conditions with plenty of water, especially when the pseudobulbs have not yet formed. Once the pseudobulbs have formed, less water is needed. Moderate temperatures (around 70-75 degrees F) and about 70% shade are optimal for their growth, although some direct light in early morning or late evening is fine. These orchids typically bloom in September to October (Spring), but they can also flower throughout the year.

The Earina autumnalis, also known as the Easter Orchid, blooms during spring and emits a powerful, yet sweet scent. Its flowers are white with yellow or orange markings on the lip, and they typically bloom around Easter time. You can find these orchids in lowlands and mountainous forests as epiphytes on branches or trunks, or on rocky banks. The roots of the plant are fibrous rhizomes and the individual flowers are quite small, but when combined, they form a panicle of around 3 to 40 flowers. You can easily detect the presence of this plant due to its strong fragrance. In New Zealand, it goes by the name “Raupeka.” This orchid belongs to the Epidendroideae family and is commonly grown as a houseplant or greenhouse specimen. It needs moderate to high levels of care, prefers cool to warm temperatures, and thrives in high humidity and semi-shade conditions. Its flowers are about half an inch in size and bloom between February to May, which is fall in New Zealand.

The Putty Root Orchid is a stunning plant that displays its beauty throughout most of the year, from the flowers to the unique leaves. Its scientific name is Aplectrum hyemale. After blooming, this orchid produces a lovely ovate leaf with silver streaks and a purple back in the fall. During the winter, it utilizes the bareness of deciduous leaf canopy above to photosynthesize. The small flowers usually appear in late spring with 4 to 12 blooms, and the leaf withers as the plant blooms.

The flower of the Putty Root Orchid does not appear to open fully. The sepals and petals are olive, with dull plum purple tips, while the lip has a white base with a plum tip and frilly margins. This orchid gets its name from the underground corms that produce mucilage when crushed. Early Native Americans and European settlers used this mucilage as an adhesive to repair pottery and crockery. Native Americans made a paste to treat boils, and tea to treat bronchial troubles from the roots. The Putty Root Orchid is often found beneath beech and sugar maple trees and is terrestrial. It grows mainly in deciduous temperate woodlands and is also known as “Adam and Eve Root”.

This orchid is a garden plant that thrives in Zones 3-7. It prefers cool to warm temperatures and high humidity. During the fall, winter, and spring, it requires filtered sun, but in summer, the light exposure is unimportant. The flowers of the Putty Root Orchid are approximately 1 ¼ to 1 ½ inches, and the leaves are absent during bloom, which occurs in May.

The Showy Orchid, scientifically known as Galearis spectabilis, is characterized by its large leaves that emerge in the spring from a fat root cluster and short rhizome. These leaves serve to soak up sunlight, which is then used to produce a stunning flower that can be entirely white or entirely pink. Some variants may have pale yellow lips with pink petals and sepals. The inflorescence of this orchid plant is capable of bearing 3 to 10 or more blooms.

The Showy Orchid is a terrestrial orchid that favors moist calcareous (alkaline) woodlands, thickets, and old fields. The plant is known to pop up additional shoots that form tightly clustered clumps. In order to take advantage of the sun, its leaves will emerge before the canopy of the forest is full of leaves. The orchid is native to eastern North America, from Quebec to Alabama, and prefers moderate watering without overwatering. It likes cool to warm temperatures and high humidity levels. When it comes to lighting requirements, it prefers shade to dappled sunlight. The Showy Orchid blooms from April to June (spring to early summer), making it a perfect addition to bog gardens and shaded flower beds.

The Otoglossum brevifolium is a type of flower that originates from South America. It has smooth, flattened pseudobulbs that are pear-shaped and each one has a single, stiff, leathery leaf. The plant produces a showy inflorescence of 12-18 blooms. An elongated rhizome lies between each pseudobulb, allowing the plant to grow along the surface of soil. This species is typically found in rainforests and cloud forests, and grows terrestrially on steep clay banks covered in leaf litter. The sepals of the flower are wavy, spreading and chestnut-brown with yellow edges. The petals have a thin yellow margin and a yellow lip with reddish-brown markings at the base. The plant belongs to the Epidendroideae family and can be found in northern and western parts of South America, ranging from Colombia to Peru. It can be grown as a houseplant, requiring moderate watering and good air movement. Otoglossum brevifolium thrives in warm temperatures and high humidity, but prefers bright shade. The flowers bloom from late winter to early spring, and measure roughly 1 ¼ inches.

The unique feature of these orchids is that their flowers are upside-down. They are scientifically known as Prosthechea cochleata and are recognized as the national flower of Belize. These orchids can bear up to twenty scentless flowers, which open gradually over a period of six months. The flowers bloom sequentially, so one flower fades as another opens, and this process can last up to 18 months. This plant is often grown because of its unusual and long-lasting flowers. In nature, the wasps pollinate these flowers while the mucilage extracted from the pseudobulbs is used as glue for repairing wooden objects.

The Cockleshell Orchid is an epiphyte commonly found in tropical evergreen and deciduous oak forests. The sepals and petals of the flowers are greenish-yellow, twisted, and downward-pointing, while the lip is upright, hoodlike, and yellow with bold reddish-purple stripes that fuse at the margins. The column is wide and has purple spots at the base. One popular variety of this species is ‘Hihimanu.’

These orchids prefer moist but not wet conditions, warm temperatures, high humidity, and moderate diffuse light. Their natural habitat ranges from the Caribbean region (including Florida where it’s endangered) and Mexico to northern South America. These orchids make excellent houseplants and can grow up to three inches throughout the year.

The Pink Lady Slipper orchid, scientifically known as Cypripedium acaule, is an attractive wildflower that has been utilized for medicinal purposes over many years. This large plant boasts two opposing basal leaves with parallel veins and a big flower on top of its erect stem. The flower comes in varying shades of magenta to whitish-pink, white with darker pink veins, or very rarely, all white. It is also commonly referred to as the “moccasin flower” due to its resemblance to women’s shoes.

Traditionally, the roots of this orchid were used as a remedy for nervousness, tooth pain, and muscle spasms, serving as a substitute for valerian root because of its sedative properties. Pink Lady’s Slippers have a lifespan of up to twenty years or more, with their natural habitat being mixed hardwood coniferous forests of pine and hemlock on rocky/mossy slopes or semi-open areas in deep humus. They grow best in acidic well-drained soils under birch and other deciduous trees.

It is important to note that wild collection of this species is discouraged, but individuals can move a plant from their property to their garden. However, one must be careful as these plants do not transplant easily. The Pink Lady Slipper orchid thrives in moderate temperatures, high humidity, and shade to part shade, blooming from May to July.

The Grass Pink Orchid is a plant species that can produce 10 or more flowers on every spike. It is scientifically known as Calopogon tuberosus and is characterized by its slender form, narrow leaves, and underground corm. The orchid’s genus name means “beautiful beard,” which refers to the bright yellow hairs found on the flower’s lip, serving as a mimic for pollen and attracting pollinators.

This particular orchid species mimics another orchid called American Dragon Mouth, but cannot hybridize with it due to the differences in pollen placement on bumblebees. American Dragon Mouths deposit pollen on the top of the thorax of bees, while Grass Pinks deposit pollen on the abdomen.

Grass Pink Orchids grow terrestrially and can be found in bogs, meadows, savannas, swamps, and seepage slopes. Their blooms are bright pink-purple and can be seen from April to July (spring) each year. When grown outdoors, they prefer moderate temperatures and high humidity levels. They can be exposed to full or partial sun exposure and are typically grown in bog gardens or pots. This particular orchid species can be found in Eastern North America, from Canada to Florida, the Bahamas, and Cuba.

Moon Orchids, also known as Phalaenopsis spp., are a popular genus of orchids commonly grown by beginners in orchid culture. These moth orchids have aerial roots that can photosynthesize and produce green color from chlorophyll production. They come in various colors such as green, pink, purple/lavender, white, and various patterns of these colors. The flowers of the orchids are mostly long-lasting and some species have a sweet fragrance. The leaves are thick and succulent with 3 to 6 leaves per plant. Notable species are P. equestris with purple flowers and P. schilleriana with whitish-pink flowers and variegated leaves. Moon Orchids thrive in warm conditions, with temperatures ranging from 65 F at night to 85-90 F during the day. They prefer moderate watering when almost dry, with 50% humidity. They thrive well in shade to dappled sunlight and flower from late winter to spring.

The vanilla plant is well known for its beans which are used to make vanilla extract and flavoring. Its scientific name is Vanilla planifolia and it is considered one of the most commercially important orchids. The plant is native to tropical areas and is commonly cultivated for its beans which are fermented and dried to produce vanilla flavoring. The Vanilla genus includes vining orchids that require support from trees to grow properly. Although the flowers of this species are naturally pollinated by wasps in Mexico, hand pollination is necessary when grown in large numbers. This particular species provides 95 percent of the world’s commercially produced vanilla pods. The vanilla orchid is typically found in lowland tropical forests and is considered a terrestrial plant, though it can climb trees. Its blooms are usually yellow or greenish and last only one day, although the plant blooms frequently and successively. To grow optimal vanilla orchids, it is recommended to keep them outdoors due to their size, provide them with above-average warmth (minimal winter temperature of 55 F), bright light but shade from summer sun, and water frequently with 2 1/2-inch spacing throughout the year.

This plant is a type of orchid that grows on mossy surfaces, known as an epiphyte. Its scientific name is Cattleya coccinea, previously known as Sophronitis coccinea. This miniature orchid has a unique appearance with a large flower and a cluster of pseudobulbs, each with a single leathery leaf at the base. The leaves have red midveins. A single, long-lasting scarlet flower forms from the base of each leaf. This species is often used in hybridization to create large, bright red varieties. C. coccinea is found in Atlantic rainforests and grows on moss-covered trees or mossy rocks. The blooms are a brilliant red-orange color, sometimes yellow, with yellow markings inside the lip. ‘Wild Fire’ is a hybrid cross of C. coccinea and C. wittigana, producing pinkish-red flowers. This plant is a houseplant that requires high water during growth and low water during rest periods. It thrives in warmer temperatures and humid environments with intermediate to bright light and good air movement. The flowers grow from 1 ½ to 3 inches and bloom from November to May.

The Common Jewel Orchid, scientifically known as Ludisia discolor, boasts vibrant reddish-brown leaves with pinkish-white veins that resemble jewels. Its leaves are spirally arranged and grow from rhizomes. The inflorescence carries 10 to 25 flowers with woolly ovaries and pinkish bracts, described as “hairy.” The white sepals have one hooded sepal that covers the yellow common and white curved lip. The twisted column forms a hook at the tip. This species grows naturally in evergreen lowland forests or near streams in shady areas. It can also grow lithophytically on rocky substrates. As a potted plant, it is quite common and has a high water requirement during growth and low water requirement during rest periods. The plant needs even moisture with high humidity throughout the year and should be placed in shady to medium light areas with no direct sunlight. Its flowers typically bloom in February to April and measure about ⅝ inch.

The Oncidium spp. orchid, also known as “dancing ladies,” is a genus of around 300 orchid species. The name comes from the petals and sepals, which are free and spreading and look like ladies dancing in big, yellow dresses. These orchids are widely cultivated and some of the largest in size. However, their distinct characteristics have caused some confusion in taxonomy. They are mostly epiphytes and can be found in different habitats. Their inflorescences are long, branched, many-flowered, erect, and arching, and come in colors ranging from yellow to brown, often marked or blotched with dark brown. They are native to the Neotropics of Central and South America and are commonly grown as houseplants. Watering should be done weekly during the warm part of the year and should be reduced during the cool part of the year. They prefer warm daytime temperatures up to 80 F and minimum low temperature of 55 F. They should be placed in shaded to bright, indirect light and their care requirements may vary.

The Fried Egg Orchid, scientifically known as Dendrobium chrysotoxum, is a medicinal plant commonly found in Southeast Asia. This plant is highly recognized for its enticingly sweet fragrance that smells like honey. It produces about 20 or more honey-scented flowers on a single stem, which are collected and dried to make a medicinal tea. This tea is believed to induce peaceful, dreamless sleep, while the leaves of the plant are used to treat diabetes-related ailments.

Fried Egg Orchids thrive well in monsoonal climates characterized by heavy rainfall during spring and summer seasons. These wet-dry cycles significantly affect their growth and flowering. Unfortunately, the plant’s flowers last only for a short period of seven to ten days. These blooms vary in color, but generally, they appear as bright yellow-orange or dark orange with a reddish-brown spot in the lip center. Natural epiphytes, these plants are found in Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, China, eastern Himalayas, Bangladesh, and the State of Assam in India.

To ensure proper growth of the Fried Egg Orchid, it is crucial to provide the plant with sufficient water during the growing season, while the resting period should be kept dry. Ideally, moderate temperatures, humid and moist climates are perfect for these orchids. They also require bright, filtered light, but not direct sunlight. The plant typically blooms between late winter and early spring and grows up to 1 ½ to 2 inches.

Laelia speciosa, also known as Mayflower Orchid, is a stunning cultivar that can add a pop of color to any garden. The plant has short, round pseudobulbs with one or two fleshy purple-tinged leaves, and its old pseudobulb will wither at the end of the season while a new inflorescence will form from the newly developing pseudobulb. Its bright pink/purple, large, and strongly-scented flowers make it highly sought after among orchid enthusiasts. In its native habitat high in the mountains, it may take 16 to 19 years for the plant to mature. L. speciosa prefers dry, open oak forests high in elevation and grows as an epiphyte on mossy branches, naturally exposed to cool weather and occasional frosts. The plant is commonly known as “flor de todos santos” or “all-saints flower” in Mexico, where a starchy paste made from its pseudobulbs is traditionally used to make candy mixed with sugar, lemon juice, and egg white for the Day of the Dead. Unfortunately, the plant is threatened in the wild due to overharvesting for horticultural and religious purposes.

The Spectacular Big Lip Orchid is a unique and eye-catching plant with brightly-colored veins that make it stand out from other orchids. Its scientific name is Miltonia spectabilis, and it is known for its highly variable coloration. The species name “spectabilis” is Latin for “notable” or “remarkable,” likely referring to this feature. The flowers of this orchid resemble those of the Oncidium genus and are shaped for pollination by oil-collecting bees. However, these flowers do not actually produce oil. They come in various colors ranging from pink to lavender, with a large, broad lip featuring purple veins and a yellow callus on the front of the column. These epiphytic plants prefer wet forests and are commonly found in southeastern Brazil. As a houseplant, they should be allowed to dry out between waterings, and temperatures should range between 75 to 85 F during the day and 60 to 65 F at night. They grow best in partial sun and can reach heights of up to 4 inches during the summer.

These flowers are known as Slipper Orchids due to the unique slipper-shaped lip of their flowers. The scientific name for these orchids is Paphiopedilum spp. Although other species are also referred to as “lady’s slippers,” this particular type earned its name because of its distinct slipper shape.

The name Paphiopedilum originates from the Greek city of Paphos, which had a temple dedicated to Venus, and the word “pedilon,” meaning sandal. These plants are mostly terrestrial and grow in fans of six or more leaves. Some species have warts or hairs on their flowers, which can be single or in multiples.

Slipper orchids are easy to cultivate, making them popular in hobbyist collections. However, it is important to note that all plants are either collected or grown from seed, as collecting wild plants may be illegal.

These orchids are native to tropical Asia and can be grown indoors as houseplants or outside in mild climates. They require frequent watering and thrive in temperatures between 40°F and 95°F. They prefer low light, so if their leaves start to develop a reddish tinge, they may need more shade.

The Christmas Orchid, scientifically known as Cattleya trianae, is a beautiful flower that can be found in lavender or blue, yellow, and red colors. It is the national flower of Colombia and grows naturally in wet lowland and cloud forests of the Colombian Andes. The mix of colors in the flower is reminiscent of the Colombian flag. This orchid was named after the Colombian botanist Jose Jeronimo Triana. It is an epiphyte that produces 3 to 14 flowers on each inflorescence. The scent from this orchid is extracted and used in the perfume industry. In the 20th century, it was commonly used as a cut flower for corsages. To care for this houseplant, allow the medium to dry 60 to 80 percent before watering and provide high humidity levels. It prefers temperatures between 60 to 90 degrees F and bright, indirect light. When the light level is correct, the leaves will be lime green. The flowering season is from winter to early spring, and the plant grows up to 8 inches in height.

The Dracula simia orchid is named after its resemblance to a monkey’s face. The orchid has down-facing flowers that look like the center of a monkey’s face, which is responsible for its common name. The Latin species name, “simia,” also means monkey. The orchid produces long-tailed blooms that hang below its foliage. The flowers are hairy and warty with rounded lips that have structures similar to gills on the undersides of mushrooms. The sepals are reddish-brown and have long tails, while the petals are small and darkly colored.

Fungus gnats pollinate the Dracula simia orchid in the wild. The plant is naturally an epiphyte of cloud forests and prefers wet, cool conditions. It is popular among hobbyists and is frequently found in collections.

To care for the Dracula simia orchid, it is best to keep it in a bright shade and water it frequently, but do not allow it to dry out. It prefers cooler temperatures and higher humidity. It typically grows up to six inches and blooms in the spring and fall to winter.

The Holy Ghost Orchid is also known as the Dove Orchid due to its soft, white petals. Its scientific name is Peristeria elata and it produces a rigid, erect inflorescence of around 10 to 15 waxy flowers with a strong fragrance. The lip of the flowers is designed in a way that when a bee lands on it, the bee is propelled against the column and collects pollen as it struggles to get free. This orchid is native to the humid, deciduous mountain forests, at the edge of shaded grasslands, or on rocky outcrops of Central America, Northwestern South America, Costa Rica, Ecuador. The flower resembles a white dove sitting on a nest, which is where its common names come from, with the dove being the symbol of the Holy Ghost in the Christian tradition. It can be either terrestrial, lithophytic, or epiphytic on the base of mossy tree trunks. The Holy Ghost Orchid is also the national flower of Panama. To cultivate this orchid, keep the plant in medium light, filtered environment with high humidity, and water frequently after pseudobulbs have grown. Let the plant dry before watering again. The preferred temperature range for the orchid is 60 to 70 F and it blooms in July to August (Summer) reaching up to 2 inches in size.

The Northeastern Butterfly Orchid, also known as Psychopsis papilio, is a beautiful orchid that resembles a butterfly with its large flowers. The top sepal looks like an antenna while the lateral petals and sepals resemble wings. Although it was once thought to be pollinated by male butterflies, it is actually pollinated by bees. The flowers are yellow with red blotching, and the lip is large and ringed with ocher and a broad, yellow center. These orchids bloom in succession, with each flower lasting only about 10 days. The inflorescences can bloom for many years, and the plant prefers moderate watering and does not require a rest period. It is a native epiphyte of lower mountainous wet forests and can be grown as a houseplant. The ideal temperature range is between 60-80°F with high humidity, and it prefers medium to bright light. Under bright light, the flowers will be smaller, but under shady conditions, there will be fewer flowers. It can grow up to 6 inches and blooms throughout the year.

The Black Fiddle Orchid, scientifically known as Coelogyne pandurata, is a flowering plant that blooms for almost the entire year. Its unique features include yellowish-green sepals and petals, a large greenish lip with black spots and stripes, and a fiddle or lute-like shape with ridges, knobs, keels, and a frilly margin. It can produce up to 15 blooms on one inflorescence that have a strong honey scent.

In its natural habitat, C. pandurata is an epiphytic climber that thrives in tropical wet forests or areas near streams. As a houseplant, it has high watering needs and requires constant watering with good drainage year-round. It prefers intermediate temperatures between 55 and 75 degrees Fahrenheit and shade with good air movement. The plant typically grows up to 3 inches and mostly blooms in the summer.

The Blue Vanda, scientifically named Vanda coerulea, is a unique-looking orchid that was discovered by William Griffith in 1847. Its checkered blue flowers caused quite a stir and led to several expeditions being made to recover this orchid and other plants from its natural habitat in Assam and Khasi Hills of India, Yunnan Province in China, Myanmar, and northern Thailand. Many cultivated hybrids of V. coerulea have their vibrant blue and purple colors due to the Blue Vanda.

Apart from being a beautiful plant, the Blue Vanda has medicinal properties. Juices from the flower have been used to create eyedrops for treating glaucoma and cataracts. Additionally, research has indicated that extracts from the Blue Vanda can be used in anti-aging skin treatments.

As epiphytes, Vanda orchids live naturally on exposed deciduous trees, particularly inhabiting dwarf oak. Many species of Vanda, including V. coerulea, have been used to hybridize with Asocentrum species to produce Ascocenda.

To care for the Blue Vanda as a houseplant, it requires high watering needs (daily) and prefers intermediate temperatures between 60 and 80 F and high humidity. It also thrives in bright light. The Blue Vanda typically produces flowers that are 4 to 4 ¾ inches long from September to November (Fall).

The Pink Foxtail Orchid, or scientifically known as Aerides multiflora, boasts long-lasting blooms that exude a sweet fragrance. Its inflorescence can contain 25 to 50 white flowers with pinkish spots or solid rosy-lavender ones. The genus Aerides is also referred to as “foxtail orchids,” which should not be confused with Rhynchostylis. In Nepal, there are reports of this orchid being used medicinally as a tonic for skin diseases and wounds. This epiphyte is naturally found in deciduous and semi-deciduous forests, and it prefers high watering needs (daily) and intermediate temperatures between 60 and 80 F with high humidity. It thrives in bright light and can flower from late Spring to early Summer with blossoms that measure around ¾ inch.

The Foxtail Orchid, scientifically known as Rhynchostylis gigantea, is a striking flower that comes in various colors. It features a lengthy inflorescence of 15 to 20 flowers that emit a fragrant aroma. Its color options range from white to pink, wine, rose, and peach – a truly remarkable display coupled with its warm fragrance. This orchid is often confused with the Aerides genus due to their similarities, which is why it’s commonly known as the foxtail orchid. The Foxtail Orchid is naturally found as an epiphyte in Southeast Asia and the Philippines and is best suited as a houseplant. It has high watering needs, but be careful not to overwater it. It prefers intermediate temperatures between 60 and 80 F and high humidity levels. The Foxtail Orchid can tolerate medium light conditions and blooms from January to February, producing flowers that measure 3/4 to 1 1/2 inches.

The Brassia orchids are commonly known as spider orchids due to their resemblance to spiders. These flowers have long and narrow sepals and petals that give them the appearance of a spider. Spider orchids grow naturally as epiphytes and produce few to many large flowers in colors ranging from whitish to yellowish to light brown. The sepals and petals are often marked with dark brown spots and blotches. Female wasps are responsible for pollinating this flower, mistaking it for a spider and trying to sting its lip callus. These wasps usually paralyze spiders by stinging them and laying their eggs on them, and the hatching larvae consume the spider as their first meal. This incidentally leads to the pollination of the Brassia orchid. These orchids belong to the Epidendroideae family and can be found in countries such as the Caribbean, Mexico, Florida, Brazil, and Bolivia. They make good houseplants and require moderate watering, especially during cooler parts of the year. They prefer intermediate temperatures between 60 to 80 F, high humidity, and bright, filtered light.

The Foul Giant Orchid, scientific name Bulbophyllum grandiflorum, is a unique orchid species due to its unpleasant odor. It is a part of the Bulbophyllum genus, which is known to be one of the largest orchid genera. The plants have egg-shaped pseudobulbs with a single oblong leaf, and their inflorescence contains a single flower that emits an extremely foul scent. This odor is believed to attract flies for pollination, as many species in the Bulbophyllum genus are also pollinated by flies.

The flowers of the Foul Giant Orchid are quite distinct, with cream to tan sepals with reddish-purple spots that bend forward to cover the flower. The shape of the flower almost resembles a duck’s head. This orchid species can be found naturally in rainforests as an epiphyte on lower limbs or trunks.

The Foul Giant Orchid requires frequent watering and thrives under wet conditions. It also needs warmer temperatures of no less than 65 F at night and moderate to bright light. Its blooming season is from April to May, or fall in its native region of Eastern Indonesia, New Guinea, and Solomon Islands.

The Bamboo Orchid is named so due to the fact that its stem resembles that of bamboo. Its scientific name is Arundina graminifolia. The plant has spread beyond gardens and can be found in areas such as Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Hawaii, and Reunion. This type of orchid is a terrestrial species that quickly colonizes fresh lava flows. It grows naturally in a variety of locations, including exposed situations, rocks, and meadows. The stem is tall and reed-like with a bamboo-like appearance. It bears up to six fragrant flowers, which open successively. The flowers are trumpet-shaped with bright purple petals and a yellow central spot on the column. These orchids are quite showy and are often grown for ornamental purposes in tropical gardens. The Bamboo Orchid belongs to the Epidendroideae family and is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. It has become naturalized in the American and African tropics. This plant requires frequent watering and thrives under wet conditions. It needs warmer temperatures, with a minimum night temperature of 60 F. Full sun exposure is necessary for optimal growth. The flowers of this species bloom from December to January, but can also bloom throughout the year.

During the winter, Cymbidium orchids are semi-dormant, but their beautiful blooms last a long time. This genus, scientifically known as Cymbidium spp., consists of around 100 species, but only less than 20 are used for horticulture. The modern hybrids of Cymbidium come from just ten species found in the mountains of Asia with higher elevations. The Oriental species are admired for their fragrance and beauty, often grown in deep pots because their roots grow downwards instead of branching out. These orchids are mostly terrestrial and semi-dormant during winter. They are treasured for their long-lasting flowers that are frequently used as cut flowers. It is best to place them in bright but cool spots. The ideal temperature range is between 40°F and 85°F, and they require bright light, but full sun should be avoided all day, except in mild climates. Add shade during flowering to prevent the blooms from fading. Water well during the summer, but let the pot dry out between waterings. The blooming season varies, falling anywhere between fall to spring.

The Lady of the Night Orchid, scientifically known as Brassavola nodosa, is an orchid that emits a lovely sweet fragrance at night from clusters of 4 to 12 flowers. The sepals and petals of the flowers are green to whitish-cream and spidery in appearance while the lip is tubular, large, and flares into a heart shape. A few reddish spots might be present on the throat. Lady of the Night orchids might flower several times a year, but they typically bloom in fall or winter. To ensure flowering, temperatures should be kept above 55 degrees F. The round leaves resemble clusters of pencils and give the trees where the orchids live an appearance like shag carpet. This orchid naturally grows in seasonally dry forests near the coast and lives as an epiphyte. If you have had success growing Cattleya orchids or Laelia orchids, then you will likely have success with Lady of the Night due to similar growth requirements. To cultivate this orchid successfully, water it during active growth and reduce both water and humidity during rest periods. It requires high humidity and temperatures between 60 F and 85 F and medium light. Lady of the Night orchids typically grow up to four inches and bloom throughout the year.

These orchids, known as Dactylorhiza spp., are often referred to as Wild Hyacinths due to their resemblance to hyacinths. They are terrestrial plants that can be found in marshes, grasslands, or woodlands and are native to Europe. The name Dactylorhiza comes from the Greek word “daktulos,” which means “finger” in reference to the finger-shaped roots (tubers) of these orchids. They have brightly colored inflorescences and are relatively easy to cultivate. However, this genus is rife with taxonomic controversy due to natural hybridization.

Marsh orchids can be found in boreal and temperate zones, and rarely in Mediterranean areas. In the wild, marsh orchids that prefer full sun are often found in heavy clay soils in quarries, railway lines, species-rich grasslands, limestone, and sand-dunes. Other marsh orchids are found in light woodlands. These orchids grow well in moderate humidity and temperatures between 50 F and 75 F and are suitable for garden or outdoor potting in USDA Zones 5 to 8. Their light requirements vary, with full sun to light shade preferred for woodland species, and their blooming season is usually during the summer.

The Egret Flower is another orchid that bears resemblance to an animal, particularly the silver heron or egret. Its scientific name is Pecteilis radiata (syn. Habenaria radiata). The orchid’s lip is beautifully fringed and feathery, which makes it look like an egret. It gives off a nocturnal fragrance and produces 2 or 3 white flowers on one stem at a time. The orchid is considered as a beginner’s windowsill orchid, and its foliage appears grass-like. In Asia, it is widely propagated for the potted flower market. In nature, the Egret Flower thrives in seasonally boggy forest glade areas near mountainous forests. They can be short-lived both in nature and on the windowsill since they are naturally terrestrial.

Additionally, the Egret Flower is classified under Orchidoideae and grows in temperate regions of China, Japan, Korea, and eastern Russia. It can be grown as a houseplant, garden or outdoor pot in USDA Zone 7 to 9. The orchid requires moderate to high humidity, temperatures between 50°F and 75°F, and full sun to part shade. The flowering period of the Egret Flower is from late spring to early summer, and its stem arises from a pea-sized tuber.

The Lycaste aromatica orchid gets its name from its strong cinnamon scent. This adaptable orchid can produce up to 10 yellow flowers that emerge from a leafless pseudobulb. The name of the genus, Lycaste, comes from the daughter of King Priam of Troy. The scent of cinnamon that it emits is intended to attract male bees seeking to attract females. These long-lasting flowers are deciduous plants and their leaves brown up and fall. During this time, they require less water. They can be found in seasonally dry forests but usually prefer to live in moist conditions like a mossy tree or damp limestone cliff. The Lycaste aromatica orchid is found in Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador. It is a popular houseplant that requires moderate to high humidity and temperatures between 50°F and 75°F. It thrives in bright shade and can take more sun in the winter as long as temperatures remain cool. It blooms with flowers that grow up to 3 inches in late spring to summer.

The Queen Victoria Blue Orchid, scientifically known as Dendrobium victoriae-reginae, is a beautiful flower that is native to the Philippines. It can be found growing naturally in oak forests alongside rhododendrons, azaleas, and myrtles. The orchid blooms with 2-5 lilac blue flowers on the inflorescence which appear to be mimicking the rhododendrons. This species of orchid is an epiphyte, which means it grows on other plants. It was named after Queen Victoria who was reigning when this orchid was discovered.

Queen Victoria Blue orchids prefer warm days and cool nights, with high humidity and a distinct dormant period. They are attractive to birds and butterflies and belong to the genus section Pedilonum, which is known for its colorful nature. They thrive in USDA Zones 10 to 12, either as a houseplant or in an outdoor garden. During the growing season, they require ample water, but during the rest period, the plants should be allowed to dry out. These orchids need bright light with adequate ventilation, and they bloom between April and May in spring, with almost continuous flowering throughout the year.

The Ghost Orchid, scientifically named Dendrophylax lindenii, is an uncommon and extraordinary plant. It lacks leaves and has photosynthetic roots. The flowers of this species are white to greenish-white and shaped like a frog, hanging in mid-air, hence the name Ghost Orchid. The roots grow on the host tree creating a mass, giving rise to the genus name Dendrophylax. The Ghost Orchid is believed to be pollinated by the Giant Sphinx Moth, as well as other moths during the night time. Unfortunately, the Ghost Orchid is endangered in Florida due to over-collection and loss of habitat. Therefore, there are legal measures in place to protect this rare orchid. This type of orchid does not thrive as a houseplant; it prefers lower elevation rainforests in swamps with high humidity and temperatures between 60 F and 80 F. The best way to enjoy this orchid is in its natural environment; watering it until it is saturated daily and exposing it to moderate light. The Ghost Orchid usually blooms between July and September and grows to a height of 3 ½ to 6 inches.

The magnificent Crested Snow Orchid, scientifically known as Coelogyne cristata, boasts stunning white sepals and petals with a broad flaring lip. With proper care, these orchids can grow to be quite large with hundreds of blooms. It’s no wonder the town of Kurseong in India, where this orchid is native, was named “land of the white orchids.” Adding to its beauty, this orchid has a delightful fragrance. As a naturally occurring epiphyte or lithophyte, C. cristata thrives in cool mountainous areas with moss and requires constant moisture throughout the day. It is best kept as a houseplant and prefers moderate temperatures, although it can tolerate lower temperatures. This orchid requires shade to part shade but needs good air movement. In late winter to early spring, the flowers typically reach a size of four inches.

Cattleya Orchid is probably the most popular species of orchids. It is a group of orchids that were once commonly used in floristry for corsages, thus often referred to as the “Queen of the Orchids.” These orchids come in almost every color except blue, and the blooms are usually quite showy and fragrant, lasting for weeks. The lip of the flower contrasts with the rest of the bloom, making it even more striking. They can be grown almost anywhere in the world with reasonable care due to their few requirements for growth. In nature, they are mostly epiphytic and lithophytic. Many hybrids have been created using these species, including miniature Cattleyas, also known as “minicatts,” which are increasingly popular because of their size and ability to grow easily on windowsills. Cattleya orchids require high watering and humidity during the growing season, and they thrive in humid climates between 55 F and 80F, with intermediate to bright light and good air movement. They can rebloom within the year, making them a favorite among orchid lovers.

The Sparkling Jewel Orchid, with the scientific name Macodes petola, is a beautiful orchid known for its stunning veined foliage. While its flowers may not be as exciting, the full-bloomed plants are still a sight to behold. The leaves of this orchid form a rosette and have silvery veins that glisten in the light. The plant creeps along the ground using rhizomes and is naturally found in lowland and lower mountainous forests.

Legend has it that squeezing the juice of the Sparkling Jewel Orchid’s leaves on the eyes can improve writing skills as its leaf veins resemble writing. This species is found in Peninsular Thailand and Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Philippines, and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.

When caring for this houseplant, it is important to note that it has moderate-high watering needs and should never dry out. It thrives in humid climates between 60°F and 80°F and prefers shade. The plant can be propagated by stem cuttings that are about ⅜ inch long at any time of the year.

Phaius Orchids are beautiful plants that come in a variety of colors such as white, purple, magenta, and yellow. The scientific name for this genus is Phaius spp., and it includes about 50 species that are known for their robust growth from pseudobulbs and short rhizomes. These plants can either be terrestrial or epiphytic, and their inflorescences can grow to be quite large, with some reaching up to 4 feet. While these plants are not suitable for windowsills due to their large leaves that can also reach up to 4 feet in some species, they can be propagated by cutting the flower stem above the base and below each bract on the stem, which has a bud capable of producing a new plant. When the stems are laid flat on moist sphagnum moss, roots will develop, allowing each new plant to be snapped from the main stem and placed in individual pots. However, it takes 2 to 3 years for these plants to flower by this propagation method. One well-known species in this genus is the Greater Swamp Orchid (P. tankervilleae), which was traditionally used to extract indigo for dyeing clothing and as poultices for infected sores. This species has been known to escape cultivation and become invasive in Hawaii and Florida. Phaius orchids are suitable for outdoor gardens in USDA zones 9 to 12 and require ample water during their growth period. They should be kept dry in cooler conditions and in humid climates between 60°F and 80°F, and moderate to bright filtered light.

The Stanhopea tigrina orchid, also known as the Spotted Bull, has a unique appearance and enticing fragrance that attracts bees. The flowers, which bloom from July to October, are creamy yellow with various dark purplish-brown markings that range from small spots to blotches. Its species name, tigrina, is derived from the tiger-like markings on the large flowers. Some suggest that the flower shape resembles a descending bird of prey with its talons outstretched. This particular orchid is found in seasonally wet forests and is epiphytic. It can be grown in either a greenhouse or outdoor baskets, provided the nighttime temperature does not drop below 52 F. During the growth period, the plant requires ample water but must be kept dried in cooler conditions. Additionally, it thrives in high humidity and can withstand temperatures between 65 F and 85 F. For optimal growth, it should be exposed to filtered to bright sunlight.

Masdevallia spp. is a genus of orchids that contains around 300 species, mostly epiphytic. These plants prefer higher elevations and cool conditions. The flowers are brilliantly colored, varying in size from less than one inch to over 12 inches in diameter, with the most common color combinations being red, white, and purple. Typically, each inflorescence has one flower, except for some species. The sepals of these plants unite at the base to form a narrow, bell-shaped tube.

To care for Masdevallia spp., it is recommended to water them frequently as they lack pseudobulbs and should not be allowed to fully dry out. Moderate temperatures between 55°F and 80°F are ideal, and bright shade is required. However, the specific requirements may vary depending on the species.

If your orchid is not flowering, the reason may be incorrect lighting. Consider exposing your plant to more light if it has been shaded for a long time. Some orchids require a resting period to induce flowering, so if your plant has been in bright light but hasn’t bloomed yet, it may be because the resting period requirement has not been met. To meet the resting period requirements, you may need to place your orchid in shade, subject it to cooler temperatures, or water it less. It is essential to research your plant’s specific growth requirements and native habitat to provide it with the best care possible.

When purchasing orchids, it is best to get them from reputable growers like specialty nurseries or botanical gardens/plant groups. If you have any uncertainties about your orchid’s care, consult your local botanical garden or orchid society. These resources can provide a wealth of information and connect you with experts who can offer valuable advice.